Hi Frank, Erik, and Roland.
Thanks for your tips. After many hours of looking into this problem, and even trying (unsuccessfully) to use Carpet macros, I conclude that I am being held back by a bug in Cactus scheduling.
I have created a very simple thorn called ScheduleTester that demonstrates what I believe to be a bug in Cactus scheduling. Since it is 100% reproducible using this thorn, I have created a bug report (ET Trac #1778) with the thorn attached. I have also attached the thorn to this email. Inside the tarball, you'll find the 2015_05 ET release ThornList, with this thorn included, as well as a .par file in the par/ directory that will reproduce the bug.
Thanks in advance for helping to take a look at this thorn, and have a great weekend!