[Users] Close, but not quite! Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64: "__gfortran_os_error_at
Roland Haas
rhaas at illinois.edu
Tue Apr 13 19:41:26 CDT 2021
Hello Murray,
this may be caused by having set LDFLAGS or LIBS or similar.
Since Cactus combine C, C++ and Fortran code and links using the g++
wrapper one must manually list the Fotran runtime library "gfortran" as
a library to link.
It should figure that out on its own when it detects the compiler in
use at configure time (unless you got something like "Cactus has never
been build on this architecture" in which case somehow it failed to
recognize the OS / compiler).
You can probably fix this by adding:
LIBS=gfortran
to your OptionList file in configs/sim/ the run
./simfactory/bin/sim build --reconfig
(--clean should not be necessary).
I am not quite sure how ended up with this error if you used the files
provided by simfactory (can you include your OptionList file and the
file configs/sim/config-data/make.config.defn as an email attachment?),
though.
Do you happen to have a environment variable "LIBS" set, such a
variable would most likely confuse things?
Yours,
Roland
> Hi Roland,
>
> It almost worked -- but not quite. The final link failed because, I
> believe, of a single missing entry point: "__gfortran_os_error_at" .
>
> The error message is:
>
> Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
> "__gfortran_os_error_at", referenced from:
> _ahfinder_ in AHFinder.F.o
> _ahfinder_dis_ in AHFinder_dis.F.o
> _ahfinder_int_ in AHFinder_int.F.o
> _linmin_ in AHFinder_pow.F.o
> _ahfinder_initguess_ in AHFinder_initguess.F.o
> _ahfinder_gau_ in AHFinder_gau.F.o
> ___carpet_boxtypes_MOD_splitregionsrecursive in carpet_boxtypes.F90.o
> ...
> ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
> collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
> make[1]: *** [/Users/murray/Cactus/exe/cactus_sim] Error 1
> make: *** [sim] Error 2
>
> The compilations completed without errors, but with a fair number of
> warnings.
>
> I'm googling ("mac gfortran_os_error_at") to see what I can learn. I've
> found some possibilities, but nothing that seems terribly promising. I brew
> reinstalled gfortran and I re-downloaded the CactusTutorial.ipynb notebook
> and I'm trying again.
>
> The file OptionList I used before sets
> FPP = cpp-10
> F90 = gfortran
>
> That file also specifies:
> FPPFLAGS = -traditional
> F90FLAGS = -g -fcray-pointer -ffixed-line-length-none
> F90_OPTIMISE_FLAGS = -O2
> F90_WARN_FLAGS = -Wall
> LDFLAGS = -rdynamic
> F90_OPENMP_FLAGS =
> F90_PROFILE_FLAGS = -pg
>
> I get
> > *which gfortran*
> /usr/local/bin/gfortran
> ❯ *gfortran --version*
> GNU Fortran (Homebrew GCC 10.2.0_4) 10.2.0
> Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
> This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
> warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
> > *which gfortran-10*
> /usr/local/bin/gfortran-10
> ❯ *gfortran-10 --version*
> GNU Fortran (Homebrew GCC 10.2.0_4) 10.2.0
> Copyright (C) 2020 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
> This is free software; see the source for copying conditions. There is NO
> warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
>
> Possibly I should add a link library somewhere, but I don't know what,
> where or how. (Is it possible I inadvertently deleted a link library
> specification in the OptionList file or elsewhere? I thought I saved the
> original file, but I overwrote it, which is part of the reason I'm trying
> again from the start. The only difference I found from the OptionsList file
> I used is that the correct file sets F90 = gfortran-10. But gfortran is
> symlinked to gfortran-10, so I don't expect that'll make a difference.)
>
> Any thoughts on fixing the missing reference?
>
> Again, thanks!
>
> Murray
>
> __________________________________________________________________
>
> The build process takes slightly over 3 hours on my Mac. The final output
> of the sim build, clean, reconfig run is:
>
> ---------------------------------------------
> Creating cactus_sim in /Users/murray/Cactus/exe from
> EinsteinAnalysis/ADMAnalysis EinsteinBase/ADMBase EinsteinBase/ADMCoupling
> Llama/ADMDerivatives EinsteinBase/ADMMacros EinsteinAnalysis/ADMMass
> Numerical/AEILocalInterp EinsteinAnalysis/AHFinder
> EinsteinAnalysis/AHFinderDirect ExternalLibraries/BLAS WVUThorns/Baikal
> WVUThorns/BaikalVacuum CactusBase/Boundary CTThorns/CT_Analytic
> CTThorns/CT_MultiLevel EinsteinAnalysis/CalcK Carpet/Carpet
> Carpet/CarpetEvolutionMask Carpet/CarpetIOASCII Carpet/CarpetIOBasic
> Carpet/CarpetIOHDF5 Carpet/CarpetIOScalar Carpet/CarpetIntegrateTest
> Carpet/CarpetInterp Carpet/CarpetInterp2 Carpet/CarpetLib Carpet/CarpetMask
> Carpet/CarpetProlongateTest Carpet/CarpetReduce Carpet/CarpetRegrid
> Carpet/CarpetRegrid2 Carpet/CarpetRegridTest Carpet/CarpetSlab
> Carpet/CarpetTracker CactusBase/CartGrid3D CactusNumerical/Cartoon2D
> EinsteinBase/Constants WVUThorns/Convert_to_HydroBase CactusBase/CoordBase
> EinsteinBase/CoordGauge Llama/Coordinates Llama/CoordinatesSymmetry
> Carpet/CycleClock CactusExamples/DemoInterp CactusNumerical/Dissipation
> EinsteinInitialData/DistortedBHIVP EinsteinAnalysis/EHFinder
> EinsteinBase/EOS_Base EinsteinEOS/EOS_Hybrid EinsteinEOS/EOS_IdealFluid
> EinsteinEOS/EOS_Omni EinsteinEOS/EOS_Polytrope
> EinsteinExact/EinsteinExact_Test CactusElliptic/EllBase
> CactusElliptic/EllSOR EinsteinInitialData/Exact EinsteinAnalysis/Extract
> ExternalLibraries/FFTW3 WVUThorns/FishboneMoncriefID
> CactusExamples/FleshInfo CactusUtils/Formaline CactusBase/Fortran
> EinsteinEvolve/GRHydro EinsteinEvolve/GRHydro_InitData
> ExternalLibraries/GSL EinsteinExact/GaugeWave KrancNumericalTools/GenericFD
> WVUThorns/GiRaFFE WVUThorns/GiRaFFE_to_HydroBase WVUThorns/GiRaFFEfood
> Llama/GlobalDerivative ExternalLibraries/HDF5 CactusConnect/HTTPD
> CactusConnect/HTTPDExtra CactusExamples/HelloWorld Carpet/HighOrderWaveTest
> EinsteinBase/HydroBase EinsteinAnalysis/Hydro_Analysis
> EinsteinInitialData/Hydro_InitExcision EinsteinInitialData/Hydro_RNSID
> EinsteinInitialData/IDAnalyticBH EinsteinInitialData/IDAxiBrillBH
> EinsteinInitialData/IDAxiOddBrillBH EinsteinInitialData/IDBrillData
> EinsteinInitialData/IDConstraintViolate EinsteinInitialData/IDFileADM
> EinsteinInitialData/IDLinearWaves CactusWave/IDScalarWave
> CactusWave/IDScalarWaveC CactusWave/IDScalarWaveCXX
> CactusWave/IDScalarWaveElliptic CactusExamples/IDWaveMoL
> WVUThorns/ID_converter_GiRaFFE WVUThorns/ID_converter_ILGRMHD
> CactusBase/IOASCII CactusBase/IOBasic CactusPUGHIO/IOHDF5
> CactusPUGHIO/IOHDF5Util CactusIO/IOJpeg CactusBase/IOUtil
> WVUThorns/IllinoisGRMHD CactusBase/InitBase CactusNumerical/InterpToArray
> Llama/Interpolate2 EinsteinExact/KerrSchild ExternalLibraries/LAPACK
> ExternalLibraries/LORENE Lean/LeanBSSNMoL Llama/LlamaWaveToy
> CactusNumerical/LocalInterp CactusNumerical/LocalInterp2
> CactusNumerical/LocalReduce Carpet/LoopControl McLachlan/ML_ADMConstraints
> McLachlan/ML_ADMQuantities McLachlan/ML_BSSN McLachlan/ML_BSSN_Helper
> McLachlan/ML_BSSN_Test McLachlan/ML_CCZ4 McLachlan/ML_CCZ4_Helper
> McLachlan/ML_CCZ4_Test McLachlan/ML_WaveToy McLachlan/ML_WaveToy_Test
> ExternalLibraries/MPI CactusUtils/MemSpeed
> EinsteinInitialData/Meudon_Bin_BH EinsteinInitialData/Meudon_Bin_NS
> EinsteinInitialData/Meudon_Mag_NS EinsteinExact/Minkowski
> CactusNumerical/MoL EinsteinExact/ModifiedSchwarzschildBL
> EinsteinAnalysis/Multipole Lean/NPScalars Proca/NPScalars_Proca
> CactusUtils/NaNCatcher CactusUtils/NaNChecker EinsteinEvolve/NewRad
> CactusUtils/Nice EinsteinInitialData/NoExcision CactusUtils/NoMPI
> CactusNumerical/Noise CactusNumerical/Norms PITTNullCode/NullConstr
> PITTNullCode/NullDecomp PITTNullCode/NullEvolve PITTNullCode/NullExact
> PITTNullCode/NullGrid PITTNullCode/NullInterp PITTNullCode/NullNews
> PITTNullCode/NullPsiInt PITTNullCode/NullSHRExtract PITTNullCode/NullVars
> ExternalLibraries/OpenSSL EinsteinAnalysis/Outflow ExternalLibraries/PAPI
> CactusPUGH/PUGH CactusPUGH/PUGHInterp CactusPUGH/PUGHReduce
> CactusPUGH/PUGHSlab CactusNumerical/Periodic Carpet/PeriodicCarpet
> CactusExamples/Poisson Proca/ProcaBase Proca/ProcaEvolve
> Proca/Proca_simpleID EinsteinAnalysis/PunctureTracker
> EinsteinAnalysis/QuasiLocalMeasures EinsteinInitialData/ReadInterpolate
> Carpet/ReductionTest Carpet/ReductionTest2 Carpet/ReductionTest3
> CactusNumerical/ReflectionSymmetry Carpet/RegridSyncTest
> EinsteinInitialData/RotatingDBHIVP CactusNumerical/RotatingSymmetry180
> CactusNumerical/RotatingSymmetry90 CactusExamples/SampleBoundary
> CactusExamples/SampleIO WVUThorns/Seed_Magnetic_Fields
> WVUThorns_Diagnostics/Seed_Magnetic_Fields_BNS
> EinsteinUtils/SetMask_SphericalSurface EinsteinExact/ShiftedGaugeWave
> WVUThorns/ShiftedKerrSchild CactusNumerical/Slab CactusNumerical/SlabTest
> CactusConnect/Socket CactusNumerical/SpaceMask
> PITTNullCode/SphericalHarmonicDecomp PITTNullCode/SphericalHarmonicRecon
> PITTNullCode/SphericalHarmonicReconGen CactusNumerical/SphericalSurface
> EinsteinBase/StaticConformal CactusNumerical/SummationByParts
> CactusBase/SymBase CactusUtils/SystemStatistics CactusUtils/SystemTopology
> CactusElliptic/TATelliptic EinsteinUtils/TGRtensor
> EinsteinInitialData/TOVSolver CactusNumerical/TensorTypes
> CactusUtils/TerminationTrigger CactusTest/TestArrays
> Carpet/TestCarpetGridInfo CactusTest/TestComplex CactusTest/TestCoordinates
> CactusTest/TestFortranCrayPointers CactusTest/TestFortranDependencies1
> CactusTest/TestFortranDependencies2 CactusTest/TestFpointerNULL
> CactusTest/TestFreeF90 CactusTest/TestGlobalReduce CactusTest/TestInclude1
> CactusTest/TestInclude2 CactusNumerical/TestLocalInterp2
> CactusNumerical/TestLocalReduce CactusTest/TestLoop Carpet/TestLoopControl
> CactusTest/TestMath CactusTest/TestMoL CactusTest/TestPar
> CactusTest/TestReadWrite CactusTest/TestReduce CactusTest/TestSchedule
> CactusTest/TestStrings CactusTest/TestTable CactusTest/TestTimers
> CactusTest/TestTypes CactusBase/Time CactusExamples/TimerInfo
> CactusUtils/TimerReport Carpet/Timers EinsteinBase/TmunuBase
> CactusUtils/Trigger EinsteinInitialData/TwoPunctures
> Proca/TwoPunctures_KerrProca EinsteinExact/Vaidya2 CactusUtils/Vectors
> WVUThorns_Diagnostics/VolumeIntegrals_GRMHD
> WVUThorns_Diagnostics/VolumeIntegrals_vacuum CactusUtils/WatchDog
> CactusWave/WaveBinarySource Llama/WaveExtractL CactusExamples/WaveMoL
> CactusExamples/WaveToy1DF77 CactusExamples/WaveToy2DF77 CactusWave/WaveToyC
> CactusWave/WaveToyCXX CactusWave/WaveToyExtra CactusWave/WaveToyF77
> CactusWave/WaveToyF90 CactusWave/WaveToyFreeF90 EinsteinAnalysis/WeylScal4
> ExternalLibraries/hwloc ExternalLibraries/libjpeg
> WVUThorns_Diagnostics/particle_tracerET ExternalLibraries/pthreads
> WVUThorns_Diagnostics/smallbPoynET ExternalLibraries/zlib
> Undefined symbols for architecture x86_64:
> "__gfortran_os_error_at", referenced from:
> _ahfinder_ in AHFinder.F.o
> _ahfinder_dis_ in AHFinder_dis.F.o
> _ahfinder_int_ in AHFinder_int.F.o
> _linmin_ in AHFinder_pow.F.o
> _ahfinder_initguess_ in AHFinder_initguess.F.o
> _ahfinder_gau_ in AHFinder_gau.F.o
> ___carpet_boxtypes_MOD_splitregionsrecursive in carpet_boxtypes.F90.o
> ...
> ld: symbol(s) not found for architecture x86_64
> collect2: error: ld returned 1 exit status
> make[1]: *** [/Users/murray/Cactus/exe/cactus_sim] Error 1
> make: *** [sim] Error 2
>
> ============================================================
> On Tue, Apr 13, 2021 at 11:50 AM Roland Haas <rhaas at illinois.edu> wrote:
>
> > Hello Murray,
> >
> > ok. Good to hear that.
> >
> > My initial email was a send a bit off the cuff since I had not quite
> > realized that you were already using the notebook.
> >
> > OSX is a bit tricky for the ET to support for the reasons that you
> > outlined.
> >
> > When you run "./simfactory/bin/sim setup-silent" simulation factory will
> > find the gcc-10 compiler and creates a set of of make options for your
> > laptop (there's explicit code in simfactory to recongnize OSX). So
> > running this command is essential.
> >
> > You should not have to adjust anything (though given that the last test
> > with Catalina rather than BigSur was about a year ago that may not be
> > true anymore if HomeBrew changed too much).
> >
> > This set of options is tied to your laptop's hostname as reported by
> > "hostname -f". Unfortunately this hostname is not "stable" in the
> > sense that it may change with time since it can be derived from your
> > laptop's IP address obtained from the wireless network. Eg on my test
> > laptop it currently reads:
> >
> > wirelessprvnat-172-16-210-128.near.illinois.edu
> >
> > So you may have to check that
> >
> > "./simfactory/bin/sim whoami"
> >
> > returns the expected machine name and run "./simfactory/bin/sim
> > setup-silent" again if it reports an unknown machine.
> >
> > You can also create a file $HOME/.hostname and add a name that you
> > would like simfactory to use for your laptop eg:
> >
> > echo >$HOME/.hostname "murrays-laptop"
> >
> > (no spaces allowed).
> >
> > Yours,
> > Roland
> >
> > > Hi Roland,
> > >
> > > Thanks so much for your response! I've been struggling with the -fopenmp
> > > issue for a couple of days now. I'll try your suggestions and let you
> > know
> > > if it works. It's encouraging to know that the ET works with Catalina:
> > that
> > > gives me hope I'll get it to work eventually.
> > >
> > > I'm using the notebook CactusTutorial.ipynb, and I certainly don't want
> > to
> > > use clang. But the Mac makes using gcc instead of clang tricky. On my
> > > machine, gcc gets clang; you need to enter gcc-10 to get gcc.
> > >
> > > I verified that gcc (gcc-10) accepts the -fopenmp flag properly. So both
> > > gcc and OpenMP seem to work properly on my machine. My problem is
> > > convincing ET to use gcc instead of clang! BTW, I'm using brew. It's
> > > possible that MacPorts would work better, but I think brew and MacPorts
> > are
> > > incompatible.
> > >
> > > Again, thank you and I'll let you know my progress later today.
> > >
> > > Yours,
> > >
> > > Murray
> > >
> > > On Tue, Apr 13, 2021 at 9:55 AM Roland Haas <rhaas at illinois.edu> wrote:
> > >
> > > > Hello Murray,
> > > >
> > > > thinking about this a bit more.
> > > >
> > > > The notebook currently (as of last week) lets me compile and run the ET
> > > > using Homebrew (and worked on Catalina in the past).
> > > >
> > > > One thing to keep in mind is that the various CC/CXX and other
> > > > exported env variables are only used the *first* time you attempt to
> > > > build and not afterwards.
> > > >
> > > > You may have more luck having the options be respected by using:
> > > >
> > > > ./simfactory/bin/sim build --clean --reconfig
> > > >
> > > > which will recompile from scratch and re-run the configuration stage or
> > > > even by manually removing the "configs/sim" directory completely.
> > > >
> > > > Did you run "simfactory/bin/sim setup-silent" before trying to compile?
> > > >
> > > > Yours,
> > > > Roland
> > > >
> > > > > Hello Murray,
> > > > >
> > > > > clang (in particular Apple's version delivered in OSX) is not fully
> > > > > supported by the ET (due to, at least historically, no OpenMP
> > support,
> > > > > no paired Fortran compiler).
> > > > >
> > > > > Please see the initial section of:
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > https://urldefense.com/v3/__https://github.com/nds-org/jupyter-et/blob/master/CactusTutorial.ipynb__;!!DZ3fjg!vBkInm5NFkd2yeuitJ1Bdg6aPGIDCDXMQZsV-k7fG50QV1uy1SqxbWDXQTfC3_p7$
> > > > >
> > > > > for how to use the ET on OSX using homebrew or macports.
> > > > >
> > > > > If you have a Fortran compiler installed you can try disabling openmp
> > > > > by setting OPENMP=no in your option list. I strongly advise
> > consulting
> > > > > the link I provided above and following the (tested and
> > > > > verified) instructions there in particular if this is your first time
> > > > > using the toolkit.
> > > > >
> > > > > Yours,
> > > > > Roland
> > > > >
> > > > > > Hi All,
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Thanks so much for making the Einstein Toolkit software available!
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I'm using the CactusTutorial.ipynb that I got from your site. I'm
> > > > trying to
> > > > > > build ET on my 2015 Macbook Pro running OS 10.15.7.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I'm stuck at the cell (after) *Building the Einstein Toolkit* .
> > > > > > I modified that cell to get past issues with zlib . The cell now
> > looks
> > > > like:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > %%bash
> > > > > > export ZLIB_DIR=/usr/local/opt/zlib/lib
> > > > > > export LDFLAGS="-L/usr/local/opt/zlib/lib"
> > > > > > export CPPFLAGS="-I/usr/local/opt/zlib/include"
> > > > > > export PKG_CONFIG_PATH="/usr/local/opt/zlib/lib/pkgconfig"
> > > > > > ./simfactory/bin/sim build -j2 --thornlist ../einsteintoolkit.th
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Running that cell eventually stops with the errors
> > > > > >
> > > > > > COMPILING CactusBase/CoordBase/src/Domain.c
> > > > > > COMPILING
> > configs/sim/bindings/build/ADMCoupling/cctk_ThornBindings.c
> > > > > > clang: error: unsupported option '-fopenmp'
> > > > > > make[3]: *** [Domain.c.o] Error 1
> > > > > > make[2]: *** [make.checked] Error 2
> > > > > > make[1]: ***
> > > > [/Users/murray/Cactus/configs/sim/lib/libthorn_CoordBase.a] Error 2
> > > > > > make[1]: *** Waiting for unfinished jobs....
> > > > > > clang: error: unsupported option '-fopenmp'
> > > > > > make[3]: *** [cctk_ThornBindings.c.o] Error 1
> > > > > > make[2]: *** [cctk_Bindings/make.checked] Error 2
> > > > > > make[1]: ***
> > > > [/Users/murray/Cactus/configs/sim/lib/libthorn_ADMCoupling.a]
> > > > > > Error 2
> > > > > > make: *** [sim] Error 2
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Can you help? I'm confused by the error message coming from
> > clang,
> > > > since
> > > > > > the ET seems to use gcc, but my attempt to force gcc, by including
> > the
> > > > > > exports below, made no difference:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > export CC=gcc-10
> > > > > > export CXX=gcc-10
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I really appreciate any help you are able to provide!
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Thank you.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Murray (Wolinsky)
> > > > > > ______________________________________________________
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Additional (likely irrelevant) notes:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I used brew to install the prerequisites. It seemed to have gone
> > > > > > more-or-less ok.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Brew did issue a somewhat concerning message regarding hdf5:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > ==> Pouring hdf5-1.12.0_1.catalina.bottle.1.tar.gz
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Warning: hdf5 dependency gcc was built with a different C++
> > standard
> > > > > >
> > > > > > library (libstdc++ from clang). This may cause problems at runtime.
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > But it didn't provide any guidance into fixing the potential
> > problem.
> > > > Itried
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > brew reinstall hdf5
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > and brew no longer complains.
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > I also had some issues with the subversion installation. But I
> > don't
> > > > think
> > > > > > they're responsible for my current problem.
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Also, when I did the step *Configuring SimFactory for your
> > machine*, I
> > > > got
> > > > > > the output:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Here we will define some necessary Simulation Factory defaults.
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Determining local machine name: mw-3.local
> > > > > >
> > > > > > --------------------SUMMARY--------------------:
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > [default]
> > > > > > user = murray
> > > > > > email = murray
> > > > > > allocation = NO_ALLOCATION
> > > > > >
> > > > > > ------------------END SUMMARY------------------:
> > > > > >
> > > > > > Contents successfully written to
> > > > > > /Users/murray/Cactus/repos/simfactory2/etc/defs.local.ini
> > > > > >
> > > > > >
> > > > > > which looks OK, but the NO_ALLOCATION message seems like it might
> > be
> > > > of concern?
> > > > >
> > > > >
> > > >
> > > >
> > > > --
> > > > My email is as private as my paper mail. I therefore support encrypting
> > > > and signing email messages. Get my PGP key from
> > https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pgp.mit.edu__;!!DZ3fjg!vBkInm5NFkd2yeuitJ1Bdg6aPGIDCDXMQZsV-k7fG50QV1uy1SqxbWDXQUQagYP8$
> > .
> > > >
> >
> >
> > --
> > My email is as private as my paper mail. I therefore support encrypting
> > and signing email messages. Get my PGP key from https://urldefense.com/v3/__http://pgp.mit.edu__;!!DZ3fjg!rWmlL2OXUBrkT9rQ9mTob5notfsA1reaJ2NiE06GiXAxQLvLZjjQ2pkcZBvC_TW8$ .
> >
--
My email is as private as my paper mail. I therefore support encrypting
and signing email messages. Get my PGP key from http://pgp.mit.edu .
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